. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905. -- schooling ; fertility transition ; unified … demographic transition, exploiting a unique census-based dataset of 334 Prussian counties in 1849. Estimating two separate … instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by …

The interaction between investment in children's education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the …-quality trade-off with new county-level evidence for Prussia in 1816, several decades before the demographic transition. We find a … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The …

. -- demographic transition ; female education ; fertility ; nineteenth century Prussia … factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … Prussian county data from three censuses - 1816, 1849, and 1867 - to estimate the relationship between women's education and …

Fertility has long been declining in industrialised countries and the existence of public pension systems is considered … which a public pension system depresses fertility. Our theoretical framework highlights that the effect of a public pension … system on fertility works via the impact of contributions in such a system on disposable income as well as via the impact on …

migration affected fertility by building a decennial bilateral migration matrix between French regions for 1861-1911. The … suggest the convergence towards low birth rates can be explained by the diffusion of low-fertility norms by migrants …

Industrial Revolution. We provide new evidence from Prussia, a technological follower, where early-19th-century institutional …-employment database links 334 counties from pre-industrial 1816 to two industrial phases in 1849 and 1882. Controlling extensively for pre …

, villages, and manors in 1871 Prussia. We study religion, literacy, fertility, and group segregation by location type (town … it is in villages and manors. Finally, a larger share of Jews is associated with lower fertility in towns, which is not …

multicultural public schools to private education increases private educational expenditures and, as a result, decreases fertility … society. -- public education ; private education ; integration ; fertility ; human capital …

We investigate the determinants of the fertility decline in Europe from 1830 to 1970 using a newly constructed dataset … of linguistic distances between European regions. We find that the fertility decline resulted from a gradual diffusion of … new fertility behavior from French-speaking regions to the rest of Europe. We observe that societies with higher education …