in knowledge spillovers. Drawing on the NBER Patent Citations Database, we examine patent citations data at metropolitan … level within the U.S. and the 38 largest patent-cited countries outside the U.S. We present 3 key findings: First, we find … of cited patent, which implies that new knowledge faces the largest barriers to diffusion. However, over time, border and …

-1994. The interaction of this pre-existing network structure with patent growth in upstream technology fields has strong …

stage of the patenting process and the interplay with the patent office. This is followed by considering the perspective of … the patent and trademark offices (PTOs), in particular, acknowledging the limited resources that are available to PTOs … ; pending patents ; innovation ; patent office overload ; patent inspection ; grant delays …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

sectoral patenting trends, we find that U.S. patent production declines in sectors facing greater import competition. This …

of economic benefit by patent applications filed and granted. Interrogating the effect of targeted funding at a … university level we find award of U-I targeted grants coincides with increased patent activity compared to non-targeted grants …. Exploring the dynamics of the relationship, we observe the effect of U-I targeted grants on patent activity is short lived at an …