the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in the national … contributed significantly to the frequency, incidence, and onset of both overall and ethnic civil conflict over the last half …-century, accounting for a large set of geographical and institutional correlates of conflict, as well as measures of economic development …

spatial inequality, national economic performance, and the incidence of armed conflict. By providing a theoretical rent …

The energy transition increases the demand for minerals from ethnically diverse, conflict-prone developing countries …. We study whether and where mining is possible in such countries without raising the risk of civil conflict. We proceed in … three steps: First, we propose a theoretical model to predict the occurrence and location of conflict events on the …

democratization, international openness, and conflict. It also reviews studies of political integration and disintegration that focus … discusses recent empirical studies that shed light on the relations among heterogeneity, conflict, and borders. This line of …

contemporary economic growth. The negative effect of ethnic inequality is caused by increasing conflict and decreasing public goods …

This paper studies the joint effect of fractionalization and inequality on the size of government. Within a political … fractionalization and group antagonism reduce the support for redistribution. Whereas within group inequality increases support for …

, generalized ethnic fractionalization, and the alignment of spatial and ethnic distances. We use maps of traditional ethnic …

competition over endogenously determined policies induces strategic restraint that reduces polarization and, in turn, wasteful …

linguistic polarization has a negative impact on local spending. Instrumental variable estimates using distance to the eastern …