organized political violence. We use plausible exogenous variation in the number of armed groups in Pakistan, by exploiting the … violence. By combining different data sources and implementing a new approach to deal with potential double-counting, we … provide a proxy for counter-insurgency efforts by the government. We show that the increase in violence is primarily driven by …

This study examines the effect of religiosity on terrorism by focusing on one of the five pillars of Islam: Ramadan … countries. We argue that this effect partly operates through a decrease in public support for terrorism, which in turn reduces …

I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized …), terrorism, and external conflicts, including military spending. There are a number of key theoretical concerns on what counts as … of organized conflict and violence are aggregated. -- conflict ; property rights ; governance …

We assess the robustness of previous findings on the determinants of terrorism. Using extreme bound analysis, the three … most comprehensive terrorism datasets, and focusing on the three most commonly analyzed aspects of terrorist activity, i … citizens of a particular country in a given year. -- causes of terrorism ; poverty and terrorism ; panel estimations ; extreme …

We investigate the empirical impact of violence as compared to other trade impediments on trade flows. Our analysis is … of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is …