Larger cities typically give rise to two opposite effects: tougher competition among firms and higher production costs … market outcome to city size, land-use regulations, and commuting costs. For industries with low input shares of land, larger … firms charging higher prices. Softer land-use regulations and/or lower commuting costs reinforce pro-competitive effects …

costs. Empirical evidence from confidential US Census data shows that firms with more advanced technology have both higher …

equations, trade is more sensitive to trade costs if the exporting country only provides a small share of the destination … country's imports. As a result, trade costs have a heterogeneous impact across country pairs, with some trade flows predicted … modest or indistinguishable from zero. -- translog ; trade costs ; gravity ; currency union ; monopolistic competition …

enforcement probabilities and decreases in financing costs proportional to the time needed for trade. Empirical results from …

access to the rest of the world (through transport hubs) are key drivers for target selection. …