, combining rich population-wide register data with random assignment of patients to general practitioners (GPs). We show that … there is substantial variation in the quality of physicians, as measured by patients' post-assignment mortality, in the … driven by unobserved differences across doctors. Finally, we show that patients are unable to identify who the high …

This paper estimates a theory-guided gravity equation of regional patient flows. In our model, a patient’s choice to … of both patients and physicians. Introducing this concept in a spatial economics model, we derive an augmented gravity …

primary care doctor consultations. We use novel data from Sweden and an effectively random assignment of patients to nurses …, who differ in their propensity to direct patients to online versus in-person consultations. Our findings reveal that … online’s advantages for different patients and how to improve hybrid organizations’ cost effectiveness. …