our problem allowing us to ask how old forms of money such as Gold and Silver hold up in today's world regarding their …. We analyse price dynamics from 1980 to 2020 for gold and silver resorting to annual data. Regarding bitcoin we employ …

This paper investigates whether gold and silver can be considered safe havens by examining their long-run linkages with … 22 stock price indices. More specifically, the stochastic properties of the differential between gold/silver prices and … sample starting in January 2020, the evidence in favour of gold and silver as possible safe havens is pretty conclusive since …

, but the relative contribution of the two types of market turns out to be highly unstable, especially for the most deferred …. -- cointegration ; oil market ; futures prices ; price discovery …

market expectation of the price of the underlying asset. Although this expectation in principle may be recovered by adjusting … the futures price by the estimated risk premium, a common problem is that there are as many measures of the market … long-standing problem of how to estimate the market expectation of the price of crude oil. We provide a new measure of oil …

quantitative measure for market inefficiency. The methodology assesses the deviation of observed oil price behavior from the Random … Walk benchmark, representing an efficient market. The main findings of the analysis are as follows: firstly, the degree of … crude oil market inefficiency demonstrates temporal variations. Secondly, there are marked increases in the degree of …

measure for market inefficiency. The procedure measures the extent to which observed oil price behaviour deviates from the … Random Walk benchmark which represents an efficient market. The key findings are, first, that crude oil market inefficiency … interpretation of oil market inefficiency as oil market turbulence. This occurs when the quantity of information the market has to …