Policy makers use reference pricing to curb pharmaceutical expenditures by reducing coverage of expensive branded drugs …. In a theoretical analysis we show that the net effect of reference pricing is generally ambiguous when accounting for … entry by generic producers. Reference pricing shifts demand towards generics but also induces the branded producer to become …

competition environments affect product prices. Using big data, we find that price variations are caused mainly by differential … competitive environments. More specifically, we find that Brand Competition Within Stores exerts the largest downward pressure on … prices. A 10 percent increase in the number of brands reduces prices by about 10 percent. Product Competition Within Stores …

property rights) and country specific health care regulations (e.g., medicines pricing). This gives rise to parallel trade (PT …) that accounted for 5% of the market at the time of study and faced no generic competition. Our findings suggest that after …

result of an innovative process. We analyze physician prescription choices and the optimal pricing decision of an innovative …

pricing system was changed in 2011 in order to tie prices more to the benefits of the pharmaceuticals. A multiple linear … regression of 187 pharmaceuticals which were assessed from 2011 to 2017 suggests that, despite the change, the manufacturers …' launch strategy (freely chosen first year price) still has a major impact on pricing while the impact of the additional …

promotions during the first two weeks of the lockdown, and the presence of local pricing retail chains (LP) competing with … uniform (national) pricing retail chains (UP). We decompose the price changes into the regular price, the frequency, and the …