How can individuals respond to their ordinal ranking when they are not aware of it? We present evidence on the effects and mechanisms of achievement rank effects in middle schools when ranks are salient to students and their parents. For identification, we rely on the random assignment of...

How much does your neighbor impact your test scores and career? In this paper, we examine how an observable characteristic of same-age neighbors-their gender-affects a variety of high school and university outcomes. We exploit randomness in the gender composition of local cohorts at birth from...

Recent research has shown that females make classrooms more conducive to effective learning. We identify the effect of a higher share of female classmates on students' disruptive behavior, engagement, test scores, and major choices in disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools. We exploit the...