With the availability of international value added trade data it has become evident that gross export data and value …

empirical model which takes into account both that preferential trade agreement membership is endogenous and that the world …

and empirically the influence of variable and fixed export costs in explaining the likely heterogeneity in the trade … motivate theoretically the roles of variable trade costs and of fixed and variable export costs, respectively, for explaining … variables, capturing variable and fixed export costs. Fourth, we show that such estimated heterogeneous effects can predict 83 …

since the Uruguay Round (1986 to 1994). It would create a free trade zone covering 45% of world GDP. However, critics … gains for Germany (+3.5%), Europe (3.9%), and the world (+1.6%), but that it could also harm third countries. …