that the child penalty is higher for young, low-wage mothers and those taking longer leaves. It is larger in firms with …

, and working mothers are on a path toward a high-wage equilibrium, slow convergence can permanently lose earnings. We use … maternal leave exacerbates the shock which pleads against long leaves. Similarly, cash transfers to mothers via the income … effect on labor supply aggravate gender wage differences. By contrast, temporary subsidies to mothers' wages (possibly in the …

We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers …, such reforms neither helped nor hurt mothers' chances to be at the top of their companies' pay ranking or in leadership … and promotions. No reform affected fathers' pay or the gender pay gaps between mothers and their male colleagues and …

identification strategy relies on German maternity leave length. The key aspect of the maternal leave framework is that mothers can … wage. The results provide evidence that mothers are willing to sacrifice a significant fraction of their wage to reduce …

We apply German Mikrozensus data for the period 1996 to 2004 to investigate the employment status of mothers …. Specifically, we ask whether there are behavioral differences between mothers in East and West Germany, whether these differences … differences in the employment behavior of East and West German mothers. German family policy sets incentives particularly for low …

identification. On the return to work after the birth, mothers' wages drop by 3 to 5.7 per cent per year of leave. We find negative …

concerned with how mothers ́mental and physical health is affected by whether they place their child in formal day care or not … indicate that mothers are in a worse physical condition if their children attend formal care, whereas no such effect is found … with regard to mothers ́mental health. Overall, there is evidence that mothers placing their children in formal day care …