union to lower wages. This mitigates the positive impact on absence. Moreover, a union may oppose higher sick pay if it … reduces labour supply sufficiently. Better employee health tends to foster wage demands. If the union determines both wages … and sick pay, we identify situations in which it will substitute wages for sick pay because adverse absence effects can be …

setting wages and determining work amenities. In the administrative data, we causally examine through which channels unions … depending on the age at which workers enroll. In addition, we show that focusing on a restricted set of outcomes, such as wages …