Adding to the literature on factors driving corruption and bribery, this paper examines the effect of contestability in …

of corruption in a nation after joining the Union has not been formally studied. Any nation that joins the European Union … potentially faces two different and opposite effects on corruption. On the one hand, there are reasons to believe that corruption … is going to decrease because of the efforts of the EU to fight corruption or because of the opening of the markets to …

Adding a new dimension to determinants of corruption, this paper examines the effectiveness of enforcement in reducing … corruption. We compare the influences of latent enforcement (police, judicial, and prosecutorial employment) versus actual … enforcement to combat corruption by increasing enforcement employment is ineffective, rather comprehensive improvements in …

dimensions, is broadly consistent with the greasing effects of corruption. While the study uses data from a single nation that is …

This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption … that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. We … also find that stricter regulations increase both corruption and the shadow economy. …