restore social order after a crisis with respect to the emerging communal institutions and civic associations. This …

the birth of communal institutions in the city. Our evidence is consistent with the idea that universities in the Middle … Ages provided the necessary juridical knowledge and skills to build legal capacity and develop broader-based institutions. …

, the timing and causes of the fairs' decline, and the institutions for securing property rights and enforcing contracts at … mechanisms, but was provided by public institutions. More generally, the success and decline of the Champagne fairs depended …-order institutions ; community ; responsibility system …

exposure to violence substantially increases present bias - choice of the smaller, immediate reward over the larger, later … mitigates the differences in behavior between those who were exposed to violence and those who were not. Our findings suggest … patient choices and mitigate the elevated impulsivity of individuals that have experienced violence. We measure our treatment …

Violence in Mexico has reached unprecedented levels in recent times. After the government began a crackdown on drug … studies the impact of violent conflict on firms, exploiting this period of heightened violence in Mexico commonly referred to … as the Mexican Drug War. The empirical strategy uses spatiotemporal variation in violence across Mexican cities and an …

This paper studies the causal effect of status differences on moral disengagement and violence. To measure violent … the role of status inequality on violence suggests an important societal cost of economic and social inequalities. …