Africa's interior-to-coast roads are well suited to export natural resources, but not to support regional trade. Are … networks expanded in a less interior-to-coast way in periods of democracy. This result suggests that Africa's interior …

and democracy. In his comment on my study, Hanusch indicates that he believes I was using the POLITY IV index. He has not …

threat of revolution. Initially, a ruling elite may be able to use trade policy to maintain political stability. But a world … of national income per capita and democracy may not be positively correlated. The model is also useful for understanding …

implications of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Em-ploying robust difference-in-difference specifications as well … as semi-parametric methods, we find that countries joining the WTO experience a decline in revenues from import duties … taxes. Although triggered by WTO accession, the shift towards consumption taxes, in particular to VAT, typically takes place …

equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 … countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member counties is … for non-member countries. We show that countries not experiencing positive trade effects from joining GATT/WTO can still …

averse, food exporters may use trade policy to shield the domestic economy from large price shocks. This creates a … activism. We test this theory with a new dataset that comprises monthly information on trade measures across 125 countries and ….e. the share of international trade covered by export restrictions) are positively correlated with the probability of …

mitigation ; income inequality ; democracy ; trade ; welfare ; collective choice ; political economy … policy. The setting is that of a small open economy in which incomes depend importantly on trade in dirty goods, where income … interacts with the pollution costs and income benefits of trade in dirty goods to further polarize interests concerning both …

This paper examines the relationship between financial development, CO2 emissions, trade and economic growth using … there is evidence of bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and economic growth. Economic growth and trade openness … are interrelated i.e. bidirectional causality. Feedback hypothesis is validated between trade openness and financial …

-in-differences design to show that stay-at-home orders notably increased satisfaction with democracy and shifted political support towards … centrist parties. Stay-at-home orders increased satisfaction with democracy most among individuals who had been exposed to the … restrictive state interventions. Moreover, we find suggestive evidence that satisfaction with democracy increases more among …