Populist movements increasingly challenge liberal Western market democracies. Populism can be explained only in part by … populism as well. In this chapter, we ask whether elements of public deliberation may be a means to reasonably responding to …

. We split the postwar decades in three periods: the catching-up period, the overt populism period of 1973-1993, and the … 1993-2008 of stealth populism. In each period, we identify the important players to see how they managed to forge a …. The covert populism of the last period used an unsustainable expansion of foreign borrowing to allow for an …

populism. Interestingly, the interplay between the two, i.e., past and current exposure to economic shocks, has a mitigating … effect on the rise of populism. Individuals who were exposed to economic shocks in the past are less likely to manifest …

We study the consequences of populism for government performance and the quality of bureaucracy. When voters lose trust … a sharp decrease in the percentage of graduate bureaucrats. These results contribute to the literature on populism …

with populism in the literature. Hence, this paper puts forward a commitment theory of populism. …

attitudes (trust in domestic and international institutions, populism and immigration); and iii) social aspects …