provide our own estimates for the EU countries. A fiscal expansion raises output and consumption and reduces the trade balance … open EU economies, consistent with larger leakage effects. Further direct estimates suggest that fiscal expansions in large … EU economies have non-negligible consequences for economic activity in the main trading partners. This provides a …

national regional policy funds. The benchmark for the co-funding is that the EU bears 50% of total costs associated with … regional projects eligible for EU support. In some regions, however, the EU contribution has reached 85% of total costs. This … additionality degrees is largely in line with EU cohesion policy goals. Most notably, higher shares of EU funds are provided to …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … aim is to assess whether "old" and "new" EU countries are rated differently and to determine whether "new" ones are … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst "new" EU countries typically have lower ratings than "old" ones, after …

both the host and the source countries. It models the host country stylistically as a core EU welfare state, with tax … financed benefits and migration policies, and the migration source country as an accession country (following the EU … voter.The paper models the host country stylistically as a member of the core of an economic union (i.e., a core EU welfare …

adaptation costs in the EU, divided by impact sectors. The findings show an expectedly large public burden in the adaptation of … transport infrastructure and coastal protection, while high adaptation costs in the agriculture sector are predominantly private …