We study the causal impact of invalidating marginally valid patents during post-grant opposition at the European Patent … participation of a patent's original examiner in the opposition division as an instrument. We find a disciplinary effect of … invalidation: Affected inventors file 20% fewer patent applications in the decade after the decision. This effect is entirely …

Innovation is part idea generation and part development. We build a model of "innovating-by-doing," whereby ideas come … to practitioners. Successful innovation requires that practitioners' ideas be developed through costly effort. Our model ….S. Medicare program on medical equipment innovation. Our model’s structure allows us to infer the Medicare program's aggregate …

increase mirroring the social cost of carbon. We find that the induced clean innovation response primarily comes from existing …

This paper presents direct evidence on how firms’ innovation is affected by access to knowledgeable labor through co …-worker network connections. We use a unique dataset that matches patent data to administrative employer–employee records from "Third … innovation. …

innovation. We use machine learning tools to develop new data describing the aspects of medical and mechanical innovations that … are emphasized in patent documents. Our analysis of historical patents yields three primary facts. First, we find that the … U.S. Civil War and World War I led to substantial increases in the quantity of prosthetic device patenting relative to …