We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation …' innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians … persistence and the probability of process innovation. This finding is consistent with the view that political stability may …

by relaxing it for temporary jobs. These countries are Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands …, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. The article explores the conditions of the reduction of employment protection and takes a closer …

We assess the sustainability of the public finances of Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIIPS), allowing for …

whether there is convergence in monetary transmission. The countries included are: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the … Netherlands and Spain, and the sample period is 1980-2000. We conclude that major differences in pass-through exist in our sample …

from millions of digitized books for the USA, UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain. While existing measures go back at most …

We compare health system responses to the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain. In both countries … first wave, leaving more autonomy to regional governments in Italy than in Spain. Upon documenting national and regional … autonomy, and fostering experimentation and local solutions explains the gap between Italy and Spain in the first wave of the …

well as our broader (policy) attitudes and values. We fielded large online survey experiments in Italy, Spain, Germany and …