Adding a new dimension to determinants of corruption, this paper examines the effectiveness of enforcement in reducing … corruption. We compare the influences of latent enforcement (police, judicial, and prosecutorial employment) versus actual … enforcement to combat corruption by increasing enforcement employment is ineffective, rather comprehensive improvements in …

towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty …

We examine whether a corruption scandal in which the incumbent is implicated undermines trust in local government. We … use a novel dataset containing information on local corruption scandals reported in Spain during the period 1999 - 2009 … matching methods to improve the identification of the effect of corruption scandals on trust, comparing municipalities affected …

social capital; then, social capital determines the level of corruption; finally, corruption affects economic performance. We … test this hypothesis on a dataset of Italian provinces, and address the possible endogeneity of corruption by applying an … IV model. We use three sets of historical instruments for corruption: 1) foreign dominations in 16th-17th century, 2 …

Corporation (MCC) was successful in promoting better control of corruption. We employ a difference … corruption over time. -- foreign aid ; corruption ; Millennium Challenge Corporation ; MCC effect …