During the U.S.-China trade war, the U.S. punitive tariffs were almost entirely borne by U.S. importers. In contrast …, only 68% of China's retaliatory tariffs were paid by Chinese importers. The puzzling difference between the U.S. and China … is mainly driven by their different import structures and product heterogeneity in tariff pass-through. China mainly …

non-cooperative policies within a single framework. First, we compare the elasticity of trade flows to import tariffs and … in import tariffs by 1 percentage point reduces imports by around 1.4 percent. Hence the two instruments are not …

tariffs on agricultural products, and were only partially mitigated by the US agricultural subsidies announced in summer 2018 …

Are retaliatiory tariffs politically targeted and, if so, are they effective? Do countries designing a retaliation … escalation between the US, China, the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries to answer … was optimally chosen using a novel simulation approach constructing counterfactual retaliation responses. For China and …

President Bush imposed safeguard tariffs on steel in early 2002. Using US input-output tables and a generalized … difference-in-difference methodology, we analyze the local labor market employment effects of these tariffs depending on the … local labor market's reliance on steel as an input and as part of local production. We find the tariffs did not boost local …

structural model of endogenous tariff evasion, one which then highlights the importance of both tariffs and border enforcement …