constitute long-term appreciation expectations on yuan and yen, which have made China and Japan vulnerable to U.S. interest rate … cuts and appreciation expectation shocks. For both China and Japan - at different points of time - self-fulfilling runs …, speculative bubbles and post-bubble secular stagnation. To prevent a similar scenario for China capital controls, a tighter …

rate of growth of capital asset or income whether source of borrowing is bank or money lender. This is then formalized in a …

granular effects: if markets are very concentrated in terms of the size distribution of banks, idiosyncratic shocks at the bank … of itself, and it may also influence concentration in banking and thus the impact of bank-specific shocks for the … micro-macro panel dataset. Our research has three main findings: First, bank-level shocks significantly impact on GDP …

and firms use non-bank finance, including trade credits and barter trade, to finance production. The banking failure …