combines a review of the emerging international literature with new evidence from German longitudinal time-use surveys. Based … and students' cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children's learning time … year later. In a value-added model, learning time increases with daily online class instruction, but not with other school …

collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in … Germany. We find that while students on average reduced their daily learning time of 7.4 hours by about half, the reduction …-achievers disproportionately replaced learning time with detrimental activities such as TV or computer games rather than with activities more …

This study estimates the lifetime effects of lost instructional time in the classroom on labor market performance. For …

effects on schooling outcomes and, more so, for less able pupils. …

-ability pupils. Schools are free in deciding how to spend the additional money. I use a nonparametric bounds analysis to estimate … upper and lower bounds on the effect of additional funds on exam results of pupils. First I investigate what can be …