imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … prescriptions of about 93.2% (Austria) and 64.8% (Denmark). These parenthood penalties in mental health are unlikely to reflect … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher …

that the child penalty is higher for young, low-wage mothers and those taking longer leaves. It is larger in firms with …

data set. In particular, this alternative estimator allows us to exploit the information on children with no siblings in … fixed effects estimation. We obtain modest but significant effects of fetal growth rate on math and reading scores, with the …

In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental … with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental … sizeable for families with children. …

causes adult daughters with young children to work half an hour less. Daughters without children, with older children and … penalty. Test score effects are positive for children aged 4-7 (substitution from grandparental to maternal care), and … negative for children aged 11-12 (substitution from grandparental to formal childcare). …

How do parents contend with threats to the health and survival of their children? Can the social safety net mitigate … diagnoses among Danish children with register data for affected and matched unaffected families. Parental income declines … substantially for 3-4 years following a child's cancer diagnosis. Fathers' incomes recover fully, but mothers' incomes remain 3 …

effects on school grades, but these negative effects are largely confined to children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of … gestation, i.e. born at least 10 weeks earlier). Children born moderately preterm (i.e. born up to 5 weeks early) suffer no ill … school environment is very important for the outcomes of preterm born children, such that those born extremely preterm that …

children's skills. This paper estimates causal effects of severe parental health shocks on child socio-emotional skills … rationalized with shocks having a delayed impact on children's skills. …

reduction in parental time devoted to children, which modifies their human capital accumulation process. We show that the result … critically depends on the assumptions on the altruistic motives behind the choice of devoting time to children. …