secularization. We construct a unique panel dataset of advanced-school enrollment and Protestant church attendance in German cities … negatively related to church attendance. In panel models with lagged explanatory variables, educational expansion precedes … reduced church attendance. …

panel difference-in-differences estimations and an event study design. Motivated by the claim that China and Russia … purposefully undermine US sanction efforts, we test whether target countries' trade with China and Russia increases under US trade … sanctions. We find no evidence for systematic sanction busting. Russia does not change its trade patterns with sanctioned …

model of the strategic interaction between the Catholic Church and host governments shows how the pope’s use of conditional …