Austria traded on the Swiss bourse during WWII. Some war events that are generally considered crucial are clearly reflected in … government bond prices. This holds, in particular, for the official outbreak of the war and the loss and gain of national …

U.S. Civil War and World War I led to substantial increases in the quantity of prosthetic device patenting relative to … on improving aspects of the production process, while World War I did not, consistent with the United States applying a … patenting in other medical and mechanical technology classes. Second, we find that the Civil War led inventors to focus broadly …

markets ; human capital ; economic history …

emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was instrumental in … pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland, and …

The Italian civil war and the Nazi occupation of Italy occurred at a critical juncture, just before the birth of a new … civil war, and the persistence of the battlefront along the "Gothic line" cutting through Northern-Central Italy. We find …

formal theory), and, most important, scrupulous attention to history and to the limitations of historical data. …

the role of institutional actors, and that we 'misinterpret' history. This brief response addresses these allegations and … critique is misguided and based on a misrepresentation of Weimar history, especially when it comes to the case of Bavaria. In …

, while external integration worsened after World War I and again with the Great Depression, in part because of border changes …