the German birth statistics 1996 to 2010 and German hospital data from 2006 to 2011, we estimate that since the …

, we introduce a Stackelberg game where the hospital is the leader and the care institution is the follower. The reform …

generics and their market shares. This relationship is stronger for pharmaceuticals under reference pricing rather than …. -- pharmaceuticals ; pharmacies ; generic substitution …

reduced charge prices by 3.9% (which corresponds to savings of $1,164 per hospital stay) but also diminished negotiated prices … by 15.9% and hospital costs by 4.7%. Our estimation results show that the effects on charge prices do not last as long as … negotiated prices, while low-price hospitals increase charges; (2) hospital characteristics such as ownership, case mix, and …

Many countries have reformed hospital reimbursement policies to provide stronger incentives for quality and cost …

death), hospital utilization, and medical expenditure in Greece during the period 1995 - 2010. The estimates indicate that … increases in the number of hospital days. Real per capita pharmaceutical expenditure increased rapidly during this period, but … 62% of the increase in pharmaceutical expenditure was offset by a reduction in hospital expenditure attributable to …