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The loans of the IMF, World Bank, and other multilateral development banks (MDBs) are excluded from debt restructuring. This is the result of their preferred creditor status. There are two justifications for the preferred creditor status of MDBs: (a) they give concessional loans, and (b) they...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014306766
China's development model challenges the approaches of traditional Western donors like the World Bank. We argue that both aim at stability, but differ in the norms propagated to achieve that. Using fixed effects and IV estimations, we analyze a broad range of subnational stability measures in...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012104086
NGO aid is still widely believed to be superior to official aid (ODA). However, the incentives of NGOs to excel and target aid to the poor and deserving are increasingly disputed. We contribute to the emerging literature on the allocation of NGO aid by performing panel Tobit estimations for...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10003832118
We develop a screening model to analyse the funding allocation criteria of institutional donors towards NGOs. The model shows that when donors care about efficiency, they screen NGOs and concentrate their funding on those that comply. Combining two waves, 2002 and 2008, of a unique survey data...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013426549
Directive into German law and analyze whether a reduction in the minimum content requirements for quarterly reporting increases …, our results reveal that over the period from 2012 to 2019, lower quarterly reporting levels on average have increased … coverage. Our results are robust to potential selection effects regarding firms’ choice of quarterly reporting content levels. …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012643524
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10003377261
Using various statistical procedures, estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 110 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 1999-2000 in developing countries is 41 percent, in transition countries...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011402475
Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009781691
Using the MIMIC method, this paper is a first attempt to estimate the size of the shadow economy of 158 countries over the period 1991 up to 2015. In addition to performing a variety of robustness tests, this paper explicitly addresses endogeneity concerns to the use of GDP as cause and...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011646238
Using an enhanced MIMIC method, this paper presents new estimates of the Informal Economy (IE) for 110 countries from 1997 to 2022. We address several limitations found in previous estimates of the IE, notably issues surrounding the missing values, time-invariant country characteristics, and...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10015078284