We propose that outcome utility and process utility can be distinguished and empirically measured. People gain … procedural utility from participating in the political decision-making process itself, irrespective of the outcome. Nationals … enjoy both outcome and process utility, while foreigners are excluded from political decision-making and therefore cannot …

important case of independence, it is shown that the self-employed derive more utility from their work than people employed by … an organization, irrespective of income gained or hours worked. This is evidence for procedural utility: people do not …

consumers' actual utility, and the "counterfactual" utility they expect to obtain if they were able to set policy themselves … rational and/or informed, counterfactual utility becomes endogenous to current policy, and the welfare loss associated with …

Emotions were central to the development of economics, especially in utility theory in classical economics. While … neoclassical utility theory basically abolished emotions, behavioural economics more recently reintroduced emotions in utility … theory. Beyond utility theory, economic theorists use emotions to explain behaviour which otherwise could not be understood …