income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …

to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …

War, whether external or internal, large or small, is a costly endeavor. Loss of life, loss of close friends or family …, and the destruction of material possessions all play a part in the costs of war. The purpose of this paper is to capture …-peaceful world. But how much would individual be willing to pay to avoid just the economic costs of conflict? Remarkably, even these …

of winning a war implies a very simple and intuitive objective of economic warfare: maximize one's own less the opponent … in peace but, surprisingly, the price may be lower. The analysis shows when trade will altogether collapses in war and … climate-change mitigation) remains a prisoner's-dilemma game also in war, and cooperation may be impossible also under …

and the associated rise in infectious diseases triggered a process of adaptation reducing mortality from infectious …

throughout much of the world. Expansions of labor supply due to improvements in functional capacity among older people can …