organized political violence. We use plausible exogenous variation in the number of armed groups in Pakistan, by exploiting the … violence. By combining different data sources and implementing a new approach to deal with potential double-counting, we … provide a proxy for counter-insurgency efforts by the government. We show that the increase in violence is primarily driven by …

The consequences of successful public health interventions for social violence and conflict are largely unknown. This … violent events in African countries and sub-national regions. The effect pertains to social violence and unrest, not civil war …