. On February 24, 2022 with the Russian invasion on Ukraine one of the biggest events imaginable came to pass. Using …

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused disruptions in international trade and highlighted the dependency of small … globalization and import dependency as a short-term reaction to economic turbulences and geopolitical upheaval at the onset of war …

-cooperative tariff policies. These results suggest that post WWII trends have increased the relative merits of the WTO. -- optimal … tariffs ; retaliation ; tariff wars ; heterogeneous firms ; World Trade Organization ; Nash equilibrium …

implications of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Em-ploying robust difference-in-difference specifications as well … as semi-parametric methods, we find that countries joining the WTO experience a decline in revenues from import duties … taxes. Although triggered by WTO accession, the shift towards consumption taxes, in particular to VAT, typically takes place …

equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 … countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member counties is … general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO on welfare, which are sizable and heterogeneous across members, and relatively small …

income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …

This paper presents a general equilibrium model of conflict based on a world populated by representative democracies … international conflict. In this paper, we investigate whether this motive is sufficiently important for war to persist in … Immanuel Kant (1795, 1991) always exists. The reason is that in the absence of the threat of war, leaders are unable to divert …

to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …

War, whether external or internal, large or small, is a costly endeavor. Loss of life, loss of close friends or family …, and the destruction of material possessions all play a part in the costs of war. The purpose of this paper is to capture …-peaceful world. But how much would individual be willing to pay to avoid just the economic costs of conflict? Remarkably, even these …

quo without arming (or unarmed peace) and open conflict (or war) that is possibly destructive. With a focus on outcomes … that are immune to both unilateral deviations and coalitional deviations, we find that, depending on war’s destructive …, but only when the configuration of parameters describing the degree of output security and the degree of war's destruction …