We analyze structural state dependence in brand choice using variation from brand switching during stock-outs caused by … brand switching due to stock-outs. …

the firm sells both products under the same brand name, consumers adjust their beliefs about quality subject to the … markets and that even unprofitable products may be used to stabilize the umbrella brand. However, umbrella branding does not …

We provide an explanation for a frequently observed vertical restraint in ecommerce, namely that brand manufacturers …-quality product and limits the wholesale price a brand manufacturer can charge. If, however, the branded product is not available … price is salient in the store, this aligns the retailer's incentives with the brand manufacturer's interest to make quality …

We provide a novel intuition for the observation that many brand manufacturers have restricted their retailers' ability … to resell brand products online. Our approach builds on models of salience according to which price disparities across …

, innovation. …

may attract more responsible employees. -- altruism ; conditional ; cooperation ; self-selection …