as growth models have been different. The major objective of this paper is to compare the policies, institutions … terms of trends and patterns of growth and development, economic models, sources and drivers of growth; achievements …

We develop a new econometric framework that simultaneously allows recovering heterogeneity in demand, TFP and markups … quantify TFP, demand and markups and show how they are correlated among them, across time and with measures obtained from other …

framework and firm-level prices and quantities data for detailed products allowing us to both measure demand, and its changes …. This in turn allows us to measure how changes in TFP-Q, demand and markups ultimately affected revenue TFP, as well as …-recession is due to both a weakening of demand and a decreasing TFP-Q pushing down sales, markups, revenue TFP and labour …

We study planned price changes in German firm-level survey data to infer the relative importance of supply and demand … during the Covid-19 pandemic. Supply and demand forces coexist, but demand deficiencies dominate in the short run. Quarter … role for demand stimulus policy to buffer the Covid-19 economic crisis. …

It is widely understood that the real price of globally traded commodities is determined by the forces of demand and … supply. One of the main determinants of the real price of commodities is shifts in the demand for commodities associated with … analysis has important implications for the design of structural models of commodity markets, for the analysis of the …

different aspects of efficiency. In purely quantitative models (where inputs and outputs are expenditure and number of students … at different levels of the educational system) and in models where graduation or completion rates are included as an …