drivers of CBDC development and take stock of design efforts. We set out a comprehensive database of technical approaches and … next take stock of the technical design options. More and more central banks are considering retail CBDC architectures in … which the CBDC is a direct cash-like claim on the central bank, but where the private sector handles all customer …

We analyze for the first time cash holdings of private households in all euro area countries from 2002 to 2019 within a …' cash holdings, the volume of transactions and the size of the shadow economy irrespective of country size for all euro area …

The euro area will not have a centralised budget and smoothing of country-specific asymmetric shocks via private …

is described using a stochastic regime-switching model; second, the euro area governments’ responses to uncertain … macroeconomic policies in Greece are considered. The model's mechanism and assumptions allow either for a Grexit from the euro area … understand key drivers of the long-winded negotiations between the Syiza government and the euro area governments. …

In this paper, sound public finances under the euro means sustainability in the long term instead of short- and medium …-term fiscal discipline. The challenges to sustainability are identified for the four largest euro area member states, and several … resort for a euro area government under liquidity shortage to prevent it from developing into a general financial crisis …

no evidence of a euro effect on trade flows among early euro adopters up to the year 2002. Second, this finding is robust … to extending the sample period to incorporate data up to 2013, covering five additional euro accessions. Third, while … there is no robust evidence of a euro effect, there is evidence that intra-EU trade flows have expanded faster than the …