start-ups across all regions of Germany. The productivity level of an incumbent moderates the extent of the perceived … respective industry. This relationship holds not only for start-ups located in the same region of the incumbent, but also for … competitive pressure from start-ups. Highly productive incumbents are less threatened by new business formation. Such a moderating …

-2014. We find a pronounced positive relationship between high levels of historical self-employment in science-based industries … technical university founded before the year 1900 is positively related to the level of innovative start-ups more than a century …

start-up behaviour. We combine historical self-employment data (entrepreneurial tradition) with a psychological measure for …

can be mainly expected from research that investigates the family backgrounds, education, and employment careers of …

We investigate persistence and change of the levels of regional new business formation in West Germany over a period of …

Based on representative micro data for Germany, we compare the incomes of self-employed with those of wage workers. Our …

than evaluating a single program, we estimate the impact of R&D subsidies on start-ups’ employment growth and their patent … subsidized and non-subsidized start-ups. We find that R&D subsidies lead to an increase in employment growth of about 66 …The present paper investigates the effectiveness of R&D subsidies given to start-ups. Taking an aggregate view rather …

We investigate regional differences in the contribution of newly founded businesses to regional employment. This is … labeled the direct employment effect of new businesses. The analysis is at the spatial level of West German planning regions … for the period 1984-2002. We find rather pronounced differences for the direct employment effect across regions …

vary in their pattern of new firm location. In East Germany, only 5 percent of the industries reveal start-up localization … patterns beyond what natural advantages would suggest compared to 40 percent in West Germany. -- Entrepreneurship ; location …