swift and massive liquidity provision by central banks in the wake of both crises is, at least partly, to be credited to … previous research on the role of central banks as lenders of last resort in crises and on the real effects of bank lending and … regulation. In part, this is due to their neglect of important regulatory choices, which policy-makers are therefore left to take …

This paper distils three lessons for bank regulation from the experience of the 2009-12 euro-area financial crisis …. First, it highlights the key role that sovereign debt exposures of banks have played in the feedback loop between bank and … fiscal distress, and inquires how the regulation of banks' sovereign exposures in the euro area should be changed to mitigate …