illegal horizontal cartels detected by the German Federal Cartel Office (FCO) between 1958 and 2004 and all legal cartels … all illegal cartels). How the number of cartel members affects the duration of cartels is ambiguous. Cartels with no more …

a coordination challenge when a partial cartel is to be formed as every firm is better off if it is not inside the … cartel but is a free-riding outsider. We introduce a three-stage mechanism with communication which facilitates the formation … of a cartel and respectively allows the formation of a partial cartel. All-inclusive cartels are always formed. We find …

This paper experimentally analyzes the cartel coordination challenge induced by the discrimination of cartel … ringleaders in leniency policies. Ringleaders often take a leading role in the coordination and formation of a cartel. A leniency … ringleader and may disrupt cartel formation. We analyze discriminatory and non-discriminatory leniency policies in a multi …

In a Bertrand-oligopoly experiment, firms choose whether or not to engage in cartel-like communication and, if so, they … may get fined by a cartel authority. We find that four-firm industries form cartels more often than duopolies because they … gain less from a hysteresis effect after cartel disruption. …

immunity regarding the public cartel fines, they have no or only restricted protection against private third-party damage … claims. This may stabilize cartels. We run an experiment to study this issue. Firms choose whether to join a cartel, may … claims reduces cartel formation but makes cartels indeed more stable. The negative effect of damages is avoided in a novel …