We offer a barrier model of growth with a broader understanding of the sources of productivity growth. Organizational change is suggested as an alternative to innovation and technology adoption. Domestic and international barriers (related to the level of human capital and the trade share)...

Economic sanctions, and the suspension of budget support in particular, are supposed to pressure target governments to comply with donors' demands by putting spending commitments at risk. We argue that this is too simplistic since governments have more fiscal levers at their disposal. The case...

The aim of this paper is that of going "back to basics", focusing on the importance of market access issues for developing countries in the WTO negotiations begun in Doha in 2001. Data on protection patterns in agriculture and manufacturing are analysed, with a special focus on the issues of...

Uganda has made significant progress in re ducing the anti-export bias in its trade policy in the 1990s. Taxes on exports have been abolished, and import protection has been reduced considerably. Trade polic y barriers are only a component, albeit important, of the transactions costs associat ed...

The objective of this paper was to assess the extent to which regional trade agreements (RTAs) could prevent protectionist "back slidings" and contribute to the smooth functioning of the multilateral trading system. The paper examined a number of trade policy instruments (antidumping, subsidies...

The current WTO negotiations on industrial tariffs have focused largely on a formula approach to cutting tariffs, but the process of trying to find a compromise that would satisfy all sides has led to a number of propositions that entail blending various elements of formulae, sectoral...

Negotiations on industrial tariffs in the current WTO have turned out to be surpisingly more difficult than expected. On the one hand, developing countries, particularly in Africa, are concerned about the effect on their industrial development of developed country efforts to push them into deep...