-level Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators of offshoring and domestic outsourcing. The results suggest that employment in all … explaining employment levels of routine and non-routine occupations. The analysis encompasses 28 OECD countries over the period … types of occupations positively relate to innovation. With respect to offshoring patterns, a positive correlation is …

the length of the value chain is more important for employment in services functions in manufacturing than is offshoring. …About 40% of employment in manufacturing is in services functions. This paper develops a measure of narrow outsourcing … percentage point increase in narrow local outsourcing of services reduces manufacturing employment in the same services function …

workers are affected the most, how employment and wages adjust to increased services trade, and the impact of policy settings … results underlying this report. Findings suggest that firms’ importing, offshoring and exporting activities are generally … associated positively with firm employment in advanced and emerging market economies, although the relationship is more uncertain …