exchange rate as an adjustment instrument. This is an even more basic challenge for the EU because the enlargement challenge … common currency. This contribution deals with these two basic challenges for the EU over the next decade. It starts with a …

substantially easier to reach this threshold than countries with aged population and slower vaccination. We find that for EU … a higher mortality risk [1]. We also find that protecting the over 60 years old, which constitute one quarter of the EU …

) are used by member states to finance new projects (additionality of public investments). The analysis shows that in the EU …