In 2009 Oliver Williamson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his analysis of economic governance. Williamson was central to the emergence of the transaction cost framework as an important aspect of social scientific analysis. Part of this approach makes important efficiency...

This paper proposes a pragmatic alliance between critical realism and non-parametric statistical techniques in pursuit of causal explanations of economic phenomena by retroductive means. The alliance depends on clarifying the interpretive requirements for forming categories within nominal or...

Underdetermination, associated with the Duhem--Quine thesis, is a familiar if under-researched theme in economics. In the light of this, we examine the development of urban land and housing economics. Through its Cartesian dualistic delineation of theory and data, the contemporary mainstream...