The ‘standard model’ of electricity reform has been refined in many countries but not extended to others. Government is … supplanting the role of regulation. Revised calculations suggest that the benefits of UK electricity privatisation were higher … been less customer switching in some residential electricity markets. There has been significant development of fixed price …

The main Nordic residential electricity markets (Norway, Sweden and Finland) effectively opened to retail competition … around 1998. They have not been subject to regulatory controls on prices or other contract terms. Between 11 and 29 per cent … duration, as well as spot-price related terms, instead of the standard variable tariffs. The use of these alternatives is …

competitive energy supplier. Over 200 communities have voted to do this for electricity. By 2004 residential switching reached 69 … Stabilization Plans holding incumbent utility prices below cost since 2006. In the Ohio gas sector, rate regulation has not … discouraged aggregation and competition, but market prices falling below municipally negotiated rates can be politically …