that geography's effects on development occurred exclusively through its effects on this historical institutional … in the natural resource base and physical geography (e.g. distance to coast), and by the amplification of those …, technology, and geography, and that none of these alone is sufficient to account for the diverse patterns of global growth. We …

There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes …

This paper addresses the complex relationship between geography and macroeconomic growth. We investigate the ways in … which geography may matter directly for growth, controlling for economic policies and institutions, as well as the effects … of geography on policy choices and institutions. We find that location and climate have large effects on income levels …