Environmental crises are distinguished by rapid and largely unexpected changes in environmental quality that are difficult if not impossible to reverse. Examples would be major extinctions and significant degradations of an ecosystem. I argue there are three preconditions for crisis: failures in...

The authors examine a small open economy with an open-access renewable resource. Using a two-sector general equilibrium model, they characterize the autarkic steady state and then show that trade reduces steady-state utility for a diversified resource exporter. Instantaneous gains occur as trade...

A North-South model of unintentional technology transfer is developed where the stringency of Southern patent protection provides the institutional backdrop for a strategic game in a high-tech goods market. The appropriability regime is set endogenously and combines elements of imperfect...