We examine whether increased trade with countries with ineffective protection of intellectual property has contributed to the skill-deepening of the 1980s. We construct an index of effective protection of intellectual property at the country level, combining data on protection of patents and...

We examine whether protectionist trade policies lead to increased bureaucratic corruption. Using multiple measures of corruption and trade policies, we find strong evidence that corruption is significantly higher in countries with protectionist trade policies. These results are robust to...