Germany and Canada stand at polar ends of the scientific debate over language integration and ascension to citizenship … aims at language as a criterion for legal immigration. Canada, in effect, does not base entry or citizenship on knowledge … of either of its official languages. Acquisition of a second language in Canada is voluntary and largely dependent on …

Canada). However, since wages in Quebec are lower than elsewhere, immigrants in Quebec earn less in absolute terms than those …

by immigrants in such diverse immigrant-receiving countries as Canada, Germany, Israel and the United States. It is …