As China transforms from a socialist planned economy to a market-oriented economy, its returns to education are … for education: the China Compulsory Education Law of 1986. We use differences among provinces in the dates of effective … implementation of the compulsory education law to show that the law raised overall educational attainment in China by about 0.8 years …

households will respond to changes in school inputs. We present a dynamic household optimization model relating test scores to … school and household inputs, and test its predictions in two very different low-income country settings - Zambia and India …. We measure household spending changes and student test score gains in response to unanticipated as well as anticipated …