This paper compares tax reforms and current tax systems in China and Russia. In both countries, earlier tax reforms aimed at providing incentives to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to improve productivity. In the 1990s, China and Russia established market-oriented tax systems, and both...

China's pension system comprises a large social account and a smaller personal account now largely vacant. The system is unsustainable due to population aging. Under this system, new enterprises subsidize old enterprises, rural participants subsidize urban retirees, and young and future...