Taking Turkey's experience as a case study, this study provides further insights into the evaluation of time-varying Granger-causal relationships in the trade openness and economic performance nexus. We reinvestigated the Granger-causal relationships between trade openness and real economic...

Prior studies on the relationship between FDI and growth have generally concentrated on mean effects, or average growth benefits. It seems improbable that the majority of sub-Saharan economies will have similar "average" economic growth, hence the emphasis on mean effects in particular falls...